A New South Asian Project. Posted by Zack on December 4, 2017 Comments Off. Life and work have prevented me working on the Harappa Ancestry Project for a long time. Sadly, it looks like I won’t be able to get back to it in the near future. My friend Razib has recently started his own South Asian Genotype Project.This map shows the major cultural interaction regions c. 1900-1300 BC: Cemetery H in the north, Jhukar in the south and Rangpur in Gujarat. Read more about Late Harappan Localization Era Map Trench 57 excavationsThe Dravidian peoples, Dravidian-speakers or Dravidians, are an ethnolinguistic group of ethnic groups native to South Asia who speak Dravidian languages and share Dravidian culture.There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages. Dravidian speakers form the majority of the population of South India and are natively found in …Read more about Mound F Harappa Site Map Mohenjodaro, D.K. Area, G Section Mackay writes about the large building in Block 22 (p. 152): "At the floor level of the Late II Phase this building measured 51 feet 3 inches, North-South, by 56 ft. long at the north and about 54 feet 9 ins. at the south. Small probes took place in the 1930s, and subsequent digs occurred in 1950 and 1964. The ancient city sits on elevated ground in the modern-day Larkana district of Sindh province in Pakistan ...Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. Jan 28, 2024 · The Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, and ... A map of the ancient site of Harappa, published by Madho Sarup Vats in 1941, showing the orientation, mounds, and trenches of the 1923-24 season excavations. The map also …Welcome to the Harappa google satellite map! This place is situated in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan, its geographical coordinates are 30° 38' 0" North, 72° 52' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Harappa. See Harappa photos and images from satellite below, explore the aerial photographs of Harappa in Pakistan. ABOUT THIS COURSE. Develop leadership skills with Harappa Education's Leading Self course. Learn how to take charge of yourself, identify gaps & embrace different growth opportunities at the workplace from the leadership and management course.Navadatoli. In west Nimar district, MP. Chalcolithic and Late Harappan Site. Navdatoli is the largest settlement of Malwa culture. Habitation: Circular or rectangular shape. Circular wattle-and-daub …Map of the Area of Harappan Civilization. ... India - Harappan Map. Map of the Area of Harappan Civilization. Done. Upgrade ...Feb 1, 2021 ... The Indus Valley Civilization || Mind Map Notes in One Page || Harappa And Mohenjodaro #WBCS In this video I have brought the Harappan ...This map of Harappa was published by Madho Sarup Vats in his 1941 monograph on Harappa Excavations at Harappa: Being an account of archaeological excavations at …A strategy map is an important tool for strategy development in an organization. Learn more about strategy maps with examples from Harappa to communicate ideas between different departments responsible for different roles. ... Harappa Education’s First Time Manager Program is perfect for those on the brink of …Harappa is an online learning institution of the future focused on helping professionals excel at every stage of their career. Our self-paced courses are designed to teach key cognitive, social and behavioral skills, which we call "Thrive Skills". These skills are essential to succeed in the 21st-century workplace. Harappa is an online learning ...Jan 30, 2020 · The ‘loss’ of Harappa and Mohenjodaro after Partition in 1947 provided an impetus to search for new sites in India, and led to the excavations at Ropar in Punjab, Kalibangan in Northern Rajasthan and Lothal in Gujarat. Explorations in Gujarat had revealed a possible Harappan site at Rangpur and this was excavated by S R Rao from 1953-56. Oct 17, 2020 ... Dr. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer (University of Wisconsin, Madison) compares three ancient Indus cities as examples of the development of urbanism ...Harappa Participants Map. Davidski created a Google map of Eurogenes participants and Reiver suggested something similar would be cool for Harappa Ancestry Project too. So I have copied the idea and …Search form. Search . Rohri Map 31 During many years of wandering, he stumbled on the ruins at Harappa in 1829, on his way to meet Maharajah Ranjit Singh then in power in Lahore. ... Map showing "Haripah" from Charles Masson, Narrative of a Journey into Kalat, 1843 2. Cover page of Charles Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and The Panjab, …Period of Indian history can be marked as the ancient period. The history of the country of India can be traced from the human activities of the age dating back to the past 75, 000 years. Some ...Maps are not only practical tools for navigation but also creative outlets for expressing information in a visual and engaging way. Whether you want to create a map for personal us...Indians - A Brief History of a Civilization: Ep 1 - The Harappans. 24:07. Namit Arora. A very well produced and visually rich introduction to the ancient Indus civilization with Namit Arora, the first of a six part series on the long history of Indians today. Extensive scenes of Dholavira and its possible stadium.3 days ago ... Kalibangan, ancient site of the Indus valley civilization, in northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The site contains both ...Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps.Aug 11, 2021 ... ... Maps) by Anant Tripathi, which aims at covering ... Tracing Trade Route of the Lost Harappan Civilization: Nakshebaazi (Maps) | Anant Tripathi.The Harappan civilization consisted of about 2,600 settlements within the Indus River Valley region. The two major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro were 300 miles apart, yet their discovered ruins share similar characteristics to suggest a strong central ruling authority. For instance the buildings crossed at right angles, and were lined …During many years of wandering, he stumbled on the ruins at Harappa in 1829, on his way to meet Maharajah Ranjit Singh then in power in Lahore. ... Map showing "Haripah" from Charles Masson, Narrative of a Journey into Kalat, 1843 2. Cover page of Charles Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and The Panjab, …... Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE. This map shows the extent ...The Harappa Advantage is rooted in outcome-based online learning. At the beginning of the program, we benchmark learner skills to set the baseline. The benchmarking exercise takes into account a learner’s specific context and workplace environment. The benchmark is then used to map a learner’s progress over the course of the program. Tour the ancient Indus Civilization with one of its foremost scholars and recent excavators, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. Stunning slides from Harappa and Mohenjo-... Around the Indus in 90 Slides 2. The Latest Discoveries at Harappa 1995-1998 include the earliest Indus writing, a 133 bead pot, 16 tablets, and more. Harappa Fragmentary Brick Structure and Map 3. Harappa Fragmentary Brick Structure and Map. "It was therefore decided to carry a trench wide and long enough to lay bare the general lie of the remains hidden in it. A plan and section of this trench will be published in a special article and will show the nature of the structural remains exposed.In today’s digital age, maps have become an essential tool for navigating our way through the world. With the rise of smartphones and GPS technology, digital maps have become incre...Harappan society was an urban society and comprised of at least three distinct social groups: Ruled, rich merchants, and poor laborers who lived in the lower part of the city. It shows the division of labor and specialization in Harappan society. It also shows that Harappans had well organized administrative machinery.Welcome to the start of new 1,000-page photographic series on the Discovery and Earliest Excavations at Harappa 1829-1940. We begin the series with a six-part section Harappa Before Excavations which goes through the earliest clues as they were collected and published in books and articles by various British and Indian visitors to Harappa ... - WorldAtlas Where Are The Ancient Archeological Sites Of Mohenjo Daro And Harappa Located? The ruins of Mohenjo Daro. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are …17. "This is a view across the northwestern edge of Mound E towards the tomb of Baba Noor Shah Wali on the northeastern corner of Mound AB. Excavations of Mound E by the HARP uncovered a similar sequence of occupation beginning from the Early Harappa Phase to the Late Harappa Phase. For Mound E excavations see this contemporary view and upper ... The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China. In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed. In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of ...Indus River Valley Civilization Lesson Plan - Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. by. Living History. 4.8. (52) $3.50. Zip. Students learn about the Indus River Valley Civilizations straight from the source as they examine actual images from the Mohenjo Daro and Harappa archaeological excavation sites!The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. It was not discovered until the 1920's. Most of its ruins, even its major cities, remain to be excavated. The ancient Indus Civilization script has not been deciphered. [The original 1996 version of this section ...May 21, 2011 · View Harappa Ancestry Project in a larger map. Now participants need to go and add themselves to the map at their ancestral location. Here are the instructions: Login to your Google account. (If you don't have one, you'll have to create one.) Click Edit button. Do not edit title or description on the left of the map. Read more about Mound F Harappa Site Map Mohenjodaro, D.K. Area, G Section Mackay writes about the large building in Block 22 (p. 152): "At the floor level of the Late II Phase this building measured 51 feet 3 inches, North-South, by 56 ft. long at the north and about 54 feet 9 ins. at the south. A political map shows boundaries of countries, states, cities and counties. A physical map, while showing the information found on a political map, also shows landforms and the loc...A globe is a three-dimensional object that accurately depicts the geometry of the Earth, while a flat map is a two-dimensional representation that has some distortions. Although gl...This map shows raw material distributions in the Indus Valley and adjacent regions. The extensive trade networks of the Harappan Period (2600-1900 BCE) linked distant resource areas to the major cities in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys. ... This map shows the networks that connected urban centers such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa ...Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps.... Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE. This map shows the extent ...The Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilisation (part of Proto-history) was the first urban civilization in South Asia. IVC, Mesopotamian (also called Sumerian (4500-1900 BCE)), and Egyptian (3200-1000 BCE) along with Chinese civilization were the earliest of settlement showing complex societal life. ... (see illustration map) It shows ...This map shows the major cultural interaction regions c. 1900-1300 BC: Cemetery H in the north, Jhukar in the south and Rangpur in Gujarat. Read more about Late Harappan Localization Era Map Trench 57 excavationsहडप्पा सभ्यता- सिन्धु घाटी की सभ्यता | Harappa/Hadappa Sabhyata in Hindi. इस सभ्यता को हड़प्पा सभ्यता इसलिए कहा जाता है क्योंकि सर्वप्रथम 1921 में पाकिस्तान के शाहीवाल जिले के ...Indians - A Brief History of a Civilization: Ep 1 - The Harappans. 24:07. Namit Arora. A very well produced and visually rich introduction to the ancient Indus civilization with Namit Arora, the first of a six part series on the long history of Indians today. Extensive scenes of Dholavira and its possible stadium.Small probes took place in the 1930s, and subsequent digs occurred in 1950 and 1964. The ancient city sits on elevated ground in the modern-day Larkana district of Sindh province in Pakistan ...Oct 24, 2019 · The Harappa is an archaeological site located in Punjab, Pakistan, lying about 15 miles west of the Sahiwal city. The name of the site is derived from the modern village found near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 5 miles in the North. The modern Harappa village is about 0.62 miles from the ancient city. Learn about the Indus River Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, that extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. …Raw Materials and Trade Networks. This map shows raw material distributions in the Indus Valley and adjacent regions. The extensive trade networks of the Harappan Period (2600-1900 BCE) linked distant resource areas to the major cities in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys. Goods were shipped by boat along the rivers or by oxcart overland.The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China. In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed. In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of ...By The MAP Academy. Dancing Girl, Mohenjo-daro, Harappan Civilization, 2700–2100 B.C.E., bronze, 10.5 x 5 x 2.5 cm (National Museum, New Delhi; photo: Gary Todd, CC0) This small bronze statuette (only 4 inches in height), depicts a nude young woman, with a coiled hairstyle and bangles adorning her arms. The figure stands with her feet apart ...A Walk Through Mohenjo Daro And Harappa | Geography For Kids | PeriwinkleWatch our other videos:English Stories for Kids: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?li...Mar 31, 2011 · Harappa Maps. Posted by Zack on March 31, 2011. Here are a couple of more maps of the South Asian admixture component from Simranjit incorporating the latest Harappa results. He's posted more maps at his blog. Admixture harappa, isopleth, map, south asia. ← Ref 2 South Asians + Harappa PCA Clusters. Ref 2 South Asians + Harappa MDS Clusters →. Harappa Site Map 1. Harappa Site Map. This map of Harappa was published by Madho Sarup Vats in his 1941 monograph on Harappa Excavations at Harappa: Being an account of archaeological excavations at Harappa carried out between the years 1920-21 and 1933-34. Volume I - Text; Volume II - 139 Plates. In 1921, and led by Sir John Marshall, excavations begun. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are located approx. 400 miles or 644 kilometers apart. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley. California State University, Los Angeles. And here's a map of the Indus Valley Civilization, which, by the way, was the third of the three earliest known civilizations. Mohenjo-daro: tower. Remains of a stupalike stone tower, Mohenjo-daro, Sindh province, southeastern Pakistan. The name Mohenjo-daro is reputed to signify “the mound of the dead.”. The archaeological importance of the site was first recognized in 1922, one year after the discovery of Harappa. Subsequent excavations revealed that the mounds ... The medieval walls and revetments of the ancient city of Harappa. Explore the Topic. Map showing location of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Click for detailed map.A Walk Through Mohenjo Daro And Harappa | Geography For Kids | PeriwinkleWatch our other videos:English Stories for Kids: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?li...इस अनुच्छेद मे हमने हड़प्पा सभ्यता का इतिहास (History of Harappa Civilization in Hindi) विस्तार से बताया है। यह सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का ही एक हिस्सा है। यहाँ आप जानेंगे इसका ...Strategic group mapping is a method to display the position that rival organizations hold in a competitive industry. In a strategic group mapping example, variables such as price, product-line breadth or area of operations are represented. Strategic group maps are visual representations of the industry that aid in decision making.Category: Geography & Travel Harappa, village in eastern Punjab province, eastern Pakistan. It lies on the left bank of a now dry …The Harappan Civilization Map 3.1 Spread of Indus Valley Civilization nomads, which existed side by side. Some sites served as ports or trading out-posts. It may be noted that the important determinants of urbanisation are well-planned cities, specialised arts and crafts, trade, taxation, script, etc. In this respect Harappan cul-Google Maps is the ultimate tool for exploring the world, finding your way, and discovering new places. You can view detailed maps, satellite images, street views, and live traffic updates, as well as customize your privacy settings and share your location with others. Whether you need directions, recommendations, or inspiration, Google Maps has it all.Arrows extend from Harappa to likely source areas for raw materials such as agate, lapis lazuli, steatite, marine shell and copper. These raw materials were transformed into ornaments and tools at Harappa for local trade. ... This map shows the networks that connected urban centers such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa during the Harppan Period ...The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro comprise burnt brick structures covering 240 ha, of which only about one third has been excavated since 1922. All attributes of the property are within the boundaries established for proper preservation and protection. All significant attributes are still present and properly maintained.Seated Mother Goddess, Indus Civilization, c. 3000–2500 B.C.E., Mehrgarh style, terracotta, Baluchistan, Pakistan, 13.3 x 4.1 cm ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art) These are subset of the various figurines that were made of fired clay or terracotta that contained sand, shell fragments, mica particles, and vegetable material.Map of the Indus Valley civilization. ... Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are two major cities that were excavated in the 1920s. Archeologists discovered evidence of dockyards, brick platforms, granaries ...Between 2800-2600 B.C. called the Kot Diji period, Harappa grew into a thriving economic center. It expanded into a substantial sized town, covering the area of several large shopping malls. Harappa, along with the other Indus Valley cities, had a level of architectural planning that was unparralled in the ancient world. Oct 24, 2019 · The Harappa is an archaeological site located in Punjab, Pakistan, lying about 15 miles west of the Sahiwal city. The name of the site is derived from the modern village found near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 5 miles in the North. The modern Harappa village is about 0.62 miles from the ancient city. Together with Mohenjo-daro, Harappa is the signature site of the third millennium BC culture of South Asia known as the Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization (Kenoyer, 1998; Possehl, 2002).The site formed the epicenter of a state society contemporaneous with the Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultures to the west, and it …Jul 24, 2019 ... Major Harappan Sites On Map || Indus Valley Civilisation | सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता के प्रमुख केंद्र. Paras Mishra ...Harappa is a large village presently in the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The modern town is a part of and lies next to the ancient city. ... Map of the Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Harappan Phase . Definition by Joshua J. Mark. Ancient India. India is a country in South Asia whose name comes from the Indus River. The name 'Bharata' is ...The mature period of the Indus Valley Civilisation that lasted from 2600–1900 BCE and was preceded by the Early Harappan Phase and followed by the Late Harappan Phase. The period is marked by sculptures, seals, jewellery, pottery and human figurines made using bronze, terracotta and gold in large urban centres such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa ...The Indus Valley Civilization covered parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afganistan, West Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Maharashtra. Over 1000 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered. It’s not easy to connect the archaeological finds with their respective Harappan cities.Harappan society was an urban society and comprised of at least three distinct social groups: Ruled, rich merchants, and poor laborers who lived in the lower part of the city. It shows the division of labor and specialization in Harappan society. It also shows that Harappans had well organized administrative machinery.We used SRTM (22) data to map the Indo-Gangetic Plain, focusing on its ... ments near ancient Harappa. J Archaeol Sci 31:777–797. 28. Wright RP, Schuldenrein J ...Map of the Area of Harappan Civilization. ... India - Harappan Map. Map of the Area of Harappan Civilization. Done. Upgrade ...A Walk Around Harappa. The mounds of ancient Harappa, 200 kilometers south of Lahore, today. Includes the so-called granary (Mound F), workingmen's platforms, large drains (Mound AB), ringstones and the many of the unexcavated areas. 45 …Map showing the major sites and theorised extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including the location of the Mohenjo-daro site Mohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower [9] Indus river in Larkana District , Sindh, Pakistan. The earliest deposits on the site go back to 3300 B.C. and the area seems to have been continuosly inhabited ever since. Archaeologists think that ancient Harappa was the urban center dominating the upper Indus region, much like Mohenjo-daro dominated the lower Indus Valley and Ganweriwala might have been the urban center for what is now Rajasthan. Map showing Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, two of several major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization (area marked in purple). Inset: Mohenjo-daro (photo: Saqib Qayyum, CC BY-SA 3.0) Imprints of an ancient civilization. Mohenjo-daro was one in a series of settlements that is collectively known as the Indus Valley Civilization. Named after the Indus ...
was a break between the Early Harappan and the Harappan civilisation, evident from large-scale burning at some sites, as well as the abandonment of certain settlements. 2. Subsistence Strategies If you look at Maps 1 and 2 you will notice that the Mature Harappan culture developed in some of the areas occupied by the Early Harappan cultures .... Appenator 3000
Apr 20, 2020 ... Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian ...The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. It was not discovered until the 1920's. Most of its ruins, even its major cities, remain to be excavated. The ancient Indus Civilization script has not been deciphered. [The original 1996 version of this section ...Harappa and Mohenjodaro are both located in the Indus valley and because no site of this civilization was then known to exist outside the Indus valley, the civilization came to be called ‘the Indus civilization’. ... His basic map shows a large part of Sind lying between the channels of the Indus on the west and the Hakra on the east, with ...Explore New Jersey in Google Earth. ...Making decisions about property can be a daunting task. With so many factors to consider, it can be difficult to make the best decision for your needs. Fortunately, aerial property...Welcome to the Harappa google satellite map! This place is situated in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan, its geographical coordinates are 30° 38' 0" North, 72° 52' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Harappa. See Harappa photos and images from satellite below, explore the aerial photographs of Harappa in Pakistan. The two best-known excavated cities of this culture are Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (located in modern-day Pakistan), both of which are thought to have once …Mound F Site Map 2 A close view of the plan for Mound F (where the so-called "Great Granary" is located) at Harappa from Madho Sarop Vats, Excavations at Harappa , Delhi, 1940, pp. 17, which was published some 16 years after Sahni's excavations here during the 1923-24 season. Mound AB. "Due south of Mound F, and across the village road going west to the hamlet the highest of all the mounds at Harappa of Hafiz Bullah, stands Mound AB— (PI. I). Roughly, it is a parallelogram in shape, measuring some 1,450 ft. from north to south by 800 ft. from east to west. It rises quite abruptly above the surrounding plain, the ...Raw Materials and Trade Networks. This map shows raw material distributions in the Indus Valley and adjacent regions. The extensive trade networks of the Harappan Period (2600-1900 BCE) linked distant resource areas to the major cities in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys. Goods were shipped by boat along the rivers or by oxcart overland.Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. We used SRTM (22) data to map the Indo-Gangetic Plain, focusing on its ... ments near ancient Harappa. J Archaeol Sci 31:777–797. 28. Wright RP, Schuldenrein J ...Oct 7, 2020 · The Indus Valley Civilization was a cultural and political entity which flourished in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent between c. 7000 - c. 600 BCE. Its modern name derives from its location in the valley of the Indus River, but it is also commonly referred to as the Indus- Sarasvati Civilization and the Harrapan Civilization. Mound AB. "Due south of Mound F, and across the village road going west to the hamlet the highest of all the mounds at Harappa of Hafiz Bullah, stands Mound AB— (PI. I). Roughly, it is a parallelogram in shape, measuring some 1,450 ft. from north to south by 800 ft. from east to west. It rises quite abruptly above the surrounding plain, the ...Google Maps is a web mapping service that allows you to find and explore any place on Earth. You can search for addresses, businesses, landmarks, or directions, and see them on a map with satellite or street view. You can also create your own maps, share them with others, or discover new places with Google Earth. The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro comprise burnt brick structures covering 240 ha, of which only about one third has been excavated since 1922. All attributes of the property are within the boundaries established for proper preservation and protection. All significant attributes are still present and properly maintained.Category: Geography & Travel Harappa, village in eastern Punjab province, eastern Pakistan. It lies on the left bank of a now dry …For those who work in real estate, the term “plat map” is one with which you already have familiarity. Each time property has been surveyed in a county, those results are put on a ...... Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE. This map shows the extent ...May 21, 2011 · View Harappa Ancestry Project in a larger map. Now participants need to go and add themselves to the map at their ancestral location. Here are the instructions: Login to your Google account. (If you don't have one, you'll have to create one.) Click Edit button. Do not edit title or description on the left of the map. Harappan society was an urban society and comprised of at least three distinct social groups: Ruled, rich merchants, and poor laborers who lived in the lower part of the city. It shows the division of labor and specialization in Harappan society. It also shows that Harappans had well organized administrative machinery..