Caricature Thomas Nast Tammany Hall Boss Tweed cm1713 Oriental Rug Review/Asian Trade is pleased to offer an original article from Harper's Magazine : Caricature in the United States, by James PartiPublished 1868 - PD Source: Library of Congress. The 1868 campaign began for Nast and Harper's after the Republican Convention in Chicago. In June, Harper's re …Tammany Hall was a New York City political organization that endured for nearly two centuries. Formed in 1789 in opposition to the Federalist Party, its leadership often mirrored that of the local ...On March 20, 1872, The New York Times published a column-length tribute to Thomas Nast on its editorial page. It was an appreciative survey of his achievement and impact since 1864, and was likely a preemptive defense of the political cartoonist in anticipation of the torrent of criticism to issue forth from the anti-Grant press. The Times noted: Thomas Nast (1840-1902) "To a greater degree than any other American caricaturist, Nast broadened the graphic vocabulary of the political cartoonist by popularizing such symbols as Uncle Sam, the Democratic donkey, the Republican elephant, and the Tammany tiger. ... Nast's continual attack upon Tweed and his Tammany Hall machine was a ...Below is the right or the best answer for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas On 2 May 2023 NYT Puzzle : . NAST. Please note! There may be multiple solutions to "Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas" crossword puzzle definition. We apologize in advance, if there is another solution for this crossword clue please let us know.Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the “Father of the American Cartoon” lived in Harlem, New York. He …Born: September 27, 1840 | Died: December 7, 1902. Biography. Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was a political cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon.”. Born in Landau, Germany, Nast’s family immigrated to New York City when he was six. Nast showed an interest in drawing from an early age, but much less so in school ... A liberal, progressive paper, "Harper’s" supported President Abraham Lincoln, the preservation of the Union, and the Republican Party, perspectives that editorial cartoonist and caricaturist Thomas Nast (1840-1902) also held strongly. Nast joined the staff of "Harper’s" in 1862, and rose to prominence for his Civil War battle front depictions. Boss Tweed (born April 3, 1823, New York, New York, U.S.—died April 12, 1878, New York) American politician who, with his “Tweed ring” cronies, systematically plundered New York City of sums estimated at between $30 million and $200 million. Tweed was a bookkeeper and a volunteer fireman when elected alderman on his second try in 1851 ...In 1873 Nast went on a popular seven-month illustrated lecture tour in which he billed himself as “The Prince of Caricaturists” and the “Destroyer of Tammany Hall.” He left Harper’s after a disagreement with management in 1886, and later started his own short-lived weekly newspaper, Nast’s Weekly, which went out of business in 1893 ...26 Jan 2021 ... William Meager Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, was the head of the Tammany Hall Democratic political machine. In that role, Tweed controlled ...In an effort to arrive at the correct answer, we have thoroughly scrutinized each option and taken into account all relevant information that could provide us with a clue as to which solution is the most accurate. Clue. Length. Answer. tammany hall caricaturist. 4 …Thomas Nast, American cartoonist, best known for his attack on the political machine of William M. Tweed in New York City in the 1870s. From Nast’s pen came the Republican Party’s elephant, Tammany Hall’s tiger, and one of the most popular images of Santa Claus. He also popularized the Democratic Party’s donkey. ... Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly . ... As political boss, Tweed used his formal and informal authority to gain financial profit for himself and his Tammany Hall ...Still at a loss? We have the answer for you so you can move onto the next clue in the grid! If you're still struggling, we have the Tammany Hall caricaturist …Tammany Hall caricaturist. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: Tammany Hall caricaturist. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Tammany Hall caricaturist" clue. It was last seen in The LA Times quick crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database.On Tammany Hall's progressive response to the Triangle Shirtwaist fire, which killed 146 garment workers. In 1913 alone, New York passed all sorts of factory reforms. Now, that's what you would've ...May 1, 2023 · Clue & Answer Definitions. TAMMANY (noun) a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800’s and early 1900’s) seeking political control by corruption and bossism. CARICATURIST (noun) someone who parodies in an exaggerated manner. The New York Times crossword was first published in The New York Times in 1942 ... Answers for tammany caricaturist crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany caricaturist or most any crossword answer or …2 May 2023 ... Thomas Joseph · LA Times · NYT · Daily Themed · NYT Mini · USA Today · Codycross ... Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas cross...On March 20, 1872, The New York Times published a column-length tribute to Thomas Nast on its editorial page. It was an appreciative survey of his achievement and impact since 1864, and was likely a preemptive defense of the political cartoonist in anticipation of the torrent of criticism to issue forth from the anti-Grant press. The Times noted: 1789 - c. 1970 Areas Of Involvement: bribery local government Related People: Boss Tweed See all related content → Tammany Hall, the executive committee of the Democratic Party in New York City …11 Dec 2023 ... Description, American-German cartoonist and caricaturist. Date of birth ... Tammany Hall · Edwards Pierrepont · Portal:Humor/Bild des Monats ...Answers for tammany hall caricatirist crossword clue, 5 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany hall caricatirist or most any crossword answer or …Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas. Once upon a time, in the bustling city of New York, there was a group of politicians that went by the name of Tammany Hall. They were known for their infamous ways of controlling the city’s politics through bribery, corruption, and manipulation.May 18, 2018 · Thomas Nast. The American caricaturist and painter Thomas Nast (1840-1902) is noted for his political cartoons attacking corruption in New York City government and supporting Radical Reconstruction in the South. Thomas Nast was born on Sept. 27, 1840, in Ludwig, Bavaria. Sept. 24, 1869, was dubbed "Black Friday," b/c the Treasury had to release gold to remedy the economic crisis. Grant was furious! The men were never held accountable. Tweed Ring (Tammany Hall) (led by William Magear "Boss" Tweed) used bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to earn millions from the people of NYC.If you're looking for all of the crossword answers for the clue "Thomas who drew the Tammany Tiger" then you're in the right place.We found 1 answers for this crossword clue. If you are stuck trying to answer the crossword clue "Thomas who drew the Tammany Tiger", and really can't figure it out, then take a look at the answers below to see if they fit …Published and Created by: Scott Karavlan. 0 Favorites 2 Copies (view) Civics +1 Age Levels Middle School (13 to 15 years old), High School (16 to 18 years old) Thomas Nast, a German-born American …The cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was in his heyday a political in-stitution, with each of his pictures helping to form public opinion. His influence reached its height with his relentless caricatures of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall Ring in New York City. In 1871, the . Nation, editedView Assignment - 1.4.8 Practice - Thomas Nast versus Tammany Hall (Practice).docx (1).pdf from HIST 103 at San Jose City College. This practice assignment is worth 40 points. ... 1840 - December 7, 1902) was an American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who was born in Germany and is widely regarded as the "Father of the American Cartoon ...Answers for tammany caricaturist crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany caricaturist or most any crossword answer or …Thomas Nast was a celebrity. In 1873, following his successful campaign against New York City’s Tweed Ring, he was billed as “The Prince of Caricaturists” for a lecture tour that lasted seven months. Nast used his Harper’s Weekly cartoons to crusade against New York City’s political boss William Magear Tweed, and he devised the ... 23 Apr 2009 ... “Something that did blow over on November 7, 1871.” Keywords. tammany hall, cartoonist, political cartoons, caricatures, thomas nast, ...As a prominent political cartoonist in the 1860s, Thomas Nast’s illustrations were often the subject of much praise and scrutiny, especially by those he depicted in his signature caricature style. ... Boss Tweed, the head of the massive political machine Tammany Hall, himself said that “I don't give a damn about the articles you write, my ...If you're looking for all of the crossword answers for the clue "Cartoonist who created the Tammany Hall tiger" then you're in the right place.We found 1 answers for this crossword clue. If you are stuck trying to answer the crossword clue "Cartoonist who created the Tammany Hall tiger", and really can't figure it out, then take a look at the answers below …May 2, 2023 · Tammany Hall Caricaturist Thomas. Crossword Clue. The crossword clue Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas with 4 letters was last seen on the May 02, 2023. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. We think the likely answer to this clue is NAST. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Tammany Hall, the outgrowth of an 18th-century political society, had ruled New York’s Democratic Party (and the city itself) for over a century. In a time before public welfare, Tammany’s ...Thomas Nast, who is viewed as a hero in US History for bringing down Boss ... How does the artist use exaggeration, distortion, or caricature in the picture?Portrait of Thomas Nast, 1902. Pirie MacDonald Photograph Collection, PR-39. New-York Historical Society. ... as well as the “Boss” of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine. He also served in the House of Representatives and New York State Senate. In 1877, “Boss Tweed” was convicted of stealing somewhere between $25 ...piece for a television movie on the fight between Tammany Hall and a cartoonist named Thomas Nast. The promotion included several large versions of Thomas ...The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "tammany hall caricaturist/6851", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue. The Sage of Tammany Hall. By Edward T. O'Donnell. Aug. 28, 2005. A CENTURY ago this week, a slim book of political philosophy went on sale in New York: "Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very ...May 17, 2011 · Clue: Tammany Hall cartoonist Thomas. Tammany Hall cartoonist Thomas is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. There are related clues (shown below). Answers for tammany hall caricatirist crossword clue, 5 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany hall caricatirist or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Boss Tweed caricaturist", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue. Sort by Length. # of Letters or Pattern.The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Boss Tweed caricaturist", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue. Sort by Length. # of Letters or Pattern.In 1873 Nast went on a popular seven-month illustrated lecture tour in which he billed himself as “The Prince of Caricaturists” and the “Destroyer of Tammany Hall.” He left Harper’s after a disagreement with management in 1886, and later started his own short-lived weekly newspaper, Nast’s Weekly, which went out of business in 1893 ...Nast, Thomas, 1840–1902, American caricaturist, illustrator, and painter, b. Landau, Germany. He was brought to the United States in 1846. He began his career as a draftsman for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and Harper's Weekly. May 2, 2023 · Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas. Here is the answer for the: Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on May 2 2023 New York Times Crossword puzzle. The solution we have for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas has a total of 4 letters. Here is the answer for the: Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on May 2 2023 New York Times Crossword …Thomas Nast was a celebrity. In 1873, following his successful campaign against New York City’s Tweed Ring, he was billed as “The Prince of Caricaturists” for a lecture tour that lasted seven months. ... Harper’s Weekly cartoons to crusade against New York City’s political boss William Magear Tweed, and he devised the Tammany tiger ...As a prominent political cartoonist in the 1860s, Thomas Nast’s illustrations were often the subject of much praise and scrutiny, especially by those he depicted in his signature caricature style. ... Boss Tweed, the head of the massive political machine Tammany Hall, himself said that “I don't give a damn about the articles you write, my ...The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "tweeds caricaturist", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue.TAMMANY HALL CARICATURIST 1 Crossword Answers - With 4 letters ️ Find all Crossword Answers and Crossword Clues. Simply search for your Crossword Clue and find all Solutions. ... CARICATURIST THOMAS. TWEED'S CARICATURIST. CARICATURIST TWEED. THE NEW YORKER CARICATURIST EDWARD. HALL OF HALL AND …treatment that he meted out to Tammany Hall villains resulted in large part from competition with a rival caricaturist, Matt Morgan. An Eng lish draughtsman ...Boss Tweed (born April 3, 1823, New York, New York, U.S.—died April 12, 1878, New York) American politician who, with his “Tweed ring” cronies, systematically plundered New York City of sums estimated at between $30 million and $200 million. Tweed was a bookkeeper and a volunteer fireman when elected alderman on his second try in 1851 ...Answers for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. Tammany Hall, the outgrowth of an 18th-century political society, had ruled New York’s Democratic Party (and the city itself) for over a century. In a time before public welfare, Tammany’s ...Advertisement Tammany Hall was powerful New York political organization. It drew support from immigrants. The immigrants relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly for social services. What political cartoonist brought down Tammany Hall? Thomas Nast (/næst/; German: ; September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a …23 Apr 2009 ... “Something that did blow over on November 7, 1871.” Keywords. tammany hall, cartoonist, political cartoons, caricatures, thomas nast, ...Thomas Nast gleefully—and bravely—mocked the Tammany Hall boss in multiple cartoons, prompting newspapers and authorities to investigate. See moreBorn: September 27, 1840 | Died: December 7, 1902. Biography. Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was a political cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon.”. Born in Landau, Germany, Nast’s family immigrated to New York City when he was six. Nast showed an interest in drawing from an early age, but much less so in school ... Interior of Adolphus Isaac’s Bar-B-Q Palace… by Paula Bosse. Here are a few post-war ads for businesses in the 2200 and 2300 blocks of N. Hall, between …50 Facts About Thomas Nast. 1. Thomas Nast was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist often considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". 2. Thomas Nast was a critic of Democratic Representative "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine. 3. Thomas Nast created a modern version of Santa ... Thomas Nast was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He was the scourge of Democratic Representative "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine.Answers for tammany hall caricaturist/573015 crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany hall caricaturist/573015 or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. Answers for tammany hall caricaturist/3583 crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany hall caricaturist/3583 or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. Oct 6, 2016 · Published and Created by: Scott Karavlan. 0 Favorites 2 Copies (view) Civics +1 Age Levels Middle School (13 to 15 years old), High School (16 to 18 years old) Thomas Nast, a German-born American editorial cartoonist was the bane of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine. Thomas Nast (1840-1902) "To a greater degree than any other American caricaturist, Nast broadened the graphic vocabulary of the political cartoonist by popularizing such symbols as Uncle Sam, the Democratic donkey, the Republican elephant, and the Tammany tiger. ... Nast's continual attack upon Tweed and his Tammany Hall machine was a ...2K subscribers in the borntoday community. This subreddit is for posting information about famous people who had a significant impact on the world…Added to this is the Tammany Tiger (used to represent Tammany Hall and the Tweed Ring), the donkey (created in 1870 to designate the Democrats), and the elephant (his …Thomas Nast gleefully—and bravely—mocked the Tammany Hall boss in multiple cartoons, prompting newspapers and authorities to investigate. See moreOn March 20, 1872, The New York Times published a column-length tribute to Thomas Nast on its editorial page. It was an appreciative survey of his achievement and impact since 1864, and was likely a preemptive defense of the political cartoonist in anticipation of the torrent of criticism to issue forth from the anti-Grant press. The Times noted: Answers for tammany hall caricaturist/573015 crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany hall caricaturist/573015 or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers.We’ve prepared a crossword clue titled “Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas” from The New York Times Crossword for you! If you’re short on time to tackle the crosswords, you can use our provided answers for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue published below! To find out the answers to other clues in the NYT …Here is the answer for the: Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on May 2 2023 New York Times Crossword …Three fine and original Thomas Nast cartoon's which appeared in 1872 issues of Harper's Weekly as follows: Et Tu, Brute? - Then Fall, Caesar - dated January 27, 1872. Reference to Tammany Hall - seeMany people regard Thomas Nast, an American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who was born in Germany and later moved to the United States, to be the "Father of the American Cartoon. He was known for his outspoken opposition to Democratic Representative "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political system.Business, Economics, and Finance. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. CryptoOct 1, 2021 · Tammany Hall caricaturist Answer is: NAST. If you are currently working on a puzzle and find yourself in need of a little guidance, our answer is at your service. Recent LA Times October 1, 2021 Puzzle "Stop them damn pictures." That was how infamous 19th-century Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed responded to the Thomas Nast caricatures that contributed to his downfall.German-born political cartoonist Thomas Nast gave America some of its most enduring symbols: the Republican elephant, the Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam. Publishing regularly in Harper's Weekly ...The answer for clue: Tammany Hall cartoonist. Usage examples of nast. I am somehow aligned with Gabriel Sandford or the Nast Cabal, let me assure you that I would not debase my reputation with such an association.. Here this stuff was finally getting easier for me and Kristof Nast wanted to spoil it all.. I am in no way associated with the Nast Cabal, nor do I …Jun 27, 2015 · Thomas Nast was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is frequently referred to as the "Father of the American Cartoon. He was an opponent of Democratic Rep. "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall political apparatus.
William Tweed. William Magear Tweed (1823-1878), more commonly known in American history as “Boss Tweed,” was an object of scathing criticism by Thomas Nast. Tweed was a New York City politician who led a group of corrupt politicians who gained power in the Democratic party in 1863, when Tweed was elected “Grand Sachem” of Tammany Hall. . Central moose jaw vehicle rental
Jun 27, 2015 · Thomas Nast was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is frequently referred to as the "Father of the American Cartoon. He was an opponent of Democratic Rep. "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall political apparatus. Tammany Hall was a New York City political organization that originated in the late 18th century. It became the Democratic Party’s political “machine” and thus controlled the party’s nominations. William M. Tweed, more commonly known as Boss Tweed, was a New York politician who became Tammany’s leader in the late 1860’s.We have 1 possible solution for the: Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue which last appeared on New York Times May 2 2023 Crossword Puzzle. This is a seven days a week crossword puzzle which can be played both online and in the New York Times newspaper. Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas ANSWER: NAST …Tammany Hall, the outgrowth of an 18th-century political society, had ruled New York’s Democratic Party (and the city itself) for over a century. In a time before public welfare, Tammany’s ...Tammany Hall Caricaturist Crossword Clue. Tammany Hall Caricaturist. Crossword Clue. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. We think the likely answer to this clue is NAST. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. We’ve prepared a crossword clue titled “Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas” from The New York Times Crossword for you! If you’re short on time to tackle the crosswords, you can use our provided answers for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue published below! To find out the answers to other clues in the NYT …If you're looking for all of the crossword answers for the clue "Thomas who was the "father of the American cartoon"" then you're in the right place.We found 1 answers for this crossword clue. If you are stuck trying to answer the crossword clue "Thomas who was the "father of the American cartoon"", and really can't figure it out, then take a look at the …A liberal, progressive paper, "Harper’s" supported President Abraham Lincoln, the preservation of the Union, and the Republican Party, perspectives that editorial cartoonist and caricaturist Thomas Nast (1840-1902) also held strongly. Nast joined the staff of "Harper’s" in 1862, and rose to prominence for his Civil War battle front depictions.Thomas Nast. The American caricaturist and painter Thomas Nast (1840-1902) ... Nast's caricatures of William "Boss" Tweed and his henchmen in Tammany Hall (the New York County Democratic political machine) played a major role in defeating the machine and imprisoning Tweed. Nast demonstrated his own incorruptibility by refusing …Tammany Hall, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was an American political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789, as the Tammany Society. It became the main local political machine of the Democratic Party and played a major role in controlling New York City and New ... We’ve prepared a crossword clue titled “Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas” from The New York Times Crossword for you! If you’re short on time to tackle the crosswords, you can use our provided answers for Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas crossword clue published below! To find out the answers to other clues in the NYT …Answers for tammany hall caricaturist/575779 crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for tammany hall caricaturist/575779 or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers.31 May 2013 ... An 1871 Thomas Nast cartoon took on Tammany Hall. An 1871 Thomas ... Working as a caricaturist for Harper's Weekly in the years following the ...Tammany Hall in the 18th and 19th centuries In 1871, Thomas Nast denounces Tammany as a ferocious tiger killing democracy. The image of a tiger was often used to represent the Tammany Hall political movement. 1789–1840. The Tammany Society was founded in New York on May 12, 1789, originally as a branch of a wider network of Tammany Societies, …Crossword answers for TAMMANY HALL CARICATURIST THOMAS (1 exact answer, 116 possible answers). We believe the answer to be NAST which was last seen in the New York Times crossword on 02 May 2023. The Crossword clue "Tammany Hall caricaturist Thomas" published 1 time/s & has 1 answer/s. Crossword. Date. Answer. New York Times. 2 May 2023. NAST.New York Corruption - New York Under Tweed's Thumb. Thomas Nast. new york ring steal ring corruption corrupt tweedy boss tweedy tweed tammany tammany hall tammany ring democrats democratic party william tweed william boss tweed thumb under the thumb new jersey. Use This Cartoon..